Rural household migration in China–the roles of actual and perceived tenure security
文章来源：Guangcheng Ren, Xueqin Zhu, Nico Heerink, *Shuyi Feng. Rural household migration in China – the roles of actual and perceived tenure security[J]. China Economic Review, 2020, 63:101534.
Abstract：Migration can make an important contribution to rural poverty reduction and overall productivity growth, but it may be limited by prevailing rural land tenure arrangements. Since 1998, the Chinese government has implemented a number of land tenure reforms with the aim of improving the tenure security and the transferability of land. Although these reforms enhanced legal tenure security, it is not clear to what extent they remove existing land tenure bottlenecks in migration. Both actual tenure security, i.e. local implementation of laws that warrant tenure security, and household perceptions of tenure security are likely to play a role. In this paper we examine the impacts of actual and perceived tenure security on rural household migration in China, taking into account the degree of development of land rental markets. We argue that actual and perceived tenure security can have both positive and negative effects on migration decisions and that the presence of land rental markets may modify these effects. A two-step control function approach that controls for endogeneity of tenure security perceptions is applied to household and village-level data collected in Jiangsu, Jiangxi, Liaoning provinces and Chongqing municipality. We find that both actual and perceived tenure security affect migration, but the impact of perceived tenure security measured by land reallocation expectations is much stronger and is positive, whereas the independent impact of actual tenure security is negative. Households perceiving a lower risk of losing land when one or more members migrate are more inclined to migrate, independent of the availability of land rental markets in their villages. Actual tenure security, as measured by absence of land reallocations and possession of land certificates, has an independent negative effect on migration only in villages with underdeveloped land rental markets.
Keywords: Migration ; Land tenure security ; Household perceptions ; Land rental market ; China
中国农村家庭迁移——实际和感知的土地权保障的作用
摘要：移民可以为农村减贫和整体生产力增长做出重要贡献，但可能会受到现行农村土地使用权安排的限制。自1998年以来，中国政府实施了一系列土地使用权改革，旨在提高土地使用权的安全性和可转让性。虽然这些改革加强了法律上的土地权属保障，但在多大程度上消除了现有的土地权属瓶颈，目前尚不清楚。实际的土地使用权保障（即当地执行保障土地使用权的法律）和家庭对土地使用权保障的看法都可能起到一定的作用。在本文中，我们结合土地租赁市场的发展程度，研究了实际和感知的土地权保障对中国农村家庭迁移的影响。我们认为，实际和感知的土地权保障对迁移决策既有积极影响，也有消极影响，而土地租赁市场的存在可能会改变这些影响。在江苏、江西、辽宁省和重庆市收集的家庭和村级数据中，我们采用了两步控制函数法来控制权属安全认知的内生性。我们发现，实际和感知的土地权保障都会影响人口迁移，但以土地再分配预期衡量的感知土地权保障的影响更大，而且是正向的，而实际土地权保障的独立影响是负向的。认为在一名或多名成员迁移时失去土地的风险较低的家庭更倾向于迁移，这与村里是否有土地租赁市场无关。只有在土地租赁市场不发达的村庄，以没有土地重新分配和拥有土地证为衡量标准的实际土地权保障才会对迁移产生独立的负面影响。
关键词：迁移；土地保有权保障；家庭观念；土地租赁市场；中国
